From exposure to job loss

AI adoption is accelerating and changing work, but the impact on jobs is less clear.

AI ExposureHow many jobs involve tasks AI can perform?
Employee ProductivityHow much faster does AI make individual workers?
Macro Economic ProductivityHow much has this moved the needle economy-wide?
Hiring SlowdownAre employers posting fewer jobs?
Projected LossHow many jobs might disappear by 2030?
Measured LossWhat’s actually happened so far?

Based on 18 studies · Working papers, government data, institutional analysis · Hover for quotes and links

Read more sources →

Most AI-and-jobs claims come from journalism or social media. Toggle to to see what the rigorous evidence actually says.

Filter by evidence quality

Job Displacement & Restructuring

Projected share of jobs eliminated, restructured, or significantly transformed by AI — most evidence points to task-level transition rather than wholesale replacement

Overall US Job Displacement by 2030

2.8%-3.7pp YoY

An estimated 2.8% of US jobs face net displacement from AI by 2030 — roles eliminated or fundamentally restructured.

Weighted average of all selected sources. Methodology

Mixed evidence
NBER (Bloom, Barrero, Davis et al.)
30 sources

Total US Jobs Lost to AI as % of Labor Force

2.1%-3.5pp YoY

Roughly 4 million US workers are projected to lose their jobs to AI and automation.

Weighted average of all selected sources. Methodology

Exposure-based estimate
NBER
19 sources

White-Collar Professional Displacement by 2030

6.9%-18pp YoY

6.9% of legal, accounting, and financial analyst roles face restructuring or elimination from LLMs and AI tools.

Weighted average of all selected sources. Methodology

Exposure-based estimate
Harvard Business Review
26 sources

Tech Sector Job Displacement by 2030

15.4%-8.1pp YoY

15.4% of tech sector jobs could be displaced by AI coding assistants and automated ops.

Weighted average of all selected sources. Methodology

Mixed evidence
Bureau of Labor Statistics
27 sources

Creative Industry Displacement by 2030

25.3%+7.9pp YoY

25.3% of creative roles in design, writing, and marketing could be displaced by generative AI tools.

Weighted average of all selected sources. Methodology

Mixed evidence
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
18 sources

Education Sector Displacement by 2030

12.6%-19pp YoY

12.6% of education support roles face displacement as AI handles tutoring, grading, and content creation.

Weighted average of all selected sources. Methodology

Exposure-based estimate
Bureau of Labor Statistics
15 sources

Healthcare Administrative Displacement by 2030

20.6%+5.4pp YoY

20.6% of healthcare admin roles (coding, billing, prior auth) projected to be automated — one of the fastest-moving sectors.

Weighted average of all selected sources. Methodology

Exposure-based estimate
Bureau of Labor Statistics
15 sources

Customer Service Automation by 2028

41.2%+15.3pp YoY

41.2% of CS interactions projected to be fully handled by AI without human involvement.

Weighted average of all selected sources. Methodology

Mixed evidence
Shopify (Earnings Call)
18 sources

Wage Impact

How AI adoption is projected to affect compensation across worker segments

AI Adoption

How rapidly companies are deploying AI, how much of the workforce is exposed, and corporate signaling on earnings calls

The labor market effects above depend fundamentally on how much AI actually moves the productivity needle. Here's what leading economists currently think.

What economists expect from AI-driven productivity

Probability estimates for US productivity growth 2025–35, from Jason Furman's February 2026 exercise on X. 12 economists, 5 scenarios. Click any bar for source details.

Individual economistCrowd average (n=23)12 economists · 5 scenarios · Feb 2026
Stagnation< 1%
2%
1%
2%
10%
20%
1%
18%
5%
15%
15%
5%
12%

% probability

Status Quo1–2%
35%
20%
49%
20%
35%
1%
65%
35%
35%
40%
50%
35%

% probability

Solid Breakout2–3%
50%
60%
43%
30%
30%
5%
12%
42%
35%
30%
39%
27%

% probability

Boom3–4%
10%
15%
6%
30%
12%
35%
3%
15%
10%
10%
5%
17%

% probability

Phase Change> 4%
3%
4%
0%
10%
3%
60%
2%
3%
5%
5%
1%
9%

% probability

Based on 12 economists · X exercise by @jasonfurman · February 2026 · Click any bar for source

What the research actually shows

14 task & firm studies on productivity and 4 macro studies on economy-wide effects. The micro evidence leans heavily positive; the macro gains have not yet shown up in aggregate statistics. Click any row for details and source.

Task & Firm Productivity

RCTs, field experiments, and firm-level surveys measuring individual, team, and business productivity changes with AI tools

13 positive0 negative1 nullMedian: +25.1%
0%Productivity change →

Macro Productivity

Economy-wide studies measuring aggregate productivity gains — TFP, labor productivity, and time savings

2 small positive2 negligible

Key gap: Micro studies show 14–56% individual productivity gains, but macro data shows ~0–1.4% aggregate effect so far. The gap likely reflects adoption frictions, bottleneck tasks, and the J-curve dynamic of technology investment.

18 studies · Based on synthesis by Alex Imas (behavioral economist) · Studies range from peer-reviewed (Science, QJE) to working papers · Click any row for source

Live research feed

Discover Papers

Search 11 academic sources — Scopus, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, arXiv, NBER, Brookings, IMF, IZA, CORE, SEC EDGAR, and job market data — for recent AI + labor market research. Papers are classified by evidence tier, linked to predictions, and flagged when authored by tracked researchers.